On the Classification of Political Regimes: Theoretical Foundations and Current Reflections

Abstract

The aim of the study is to classify contemporary political regimes analytically, and in particular, the theoretical and practical differences between totalitarian, authoritarian and democratic regimes are comparatively addressed. The definition of regime types here is not limited to theoretical conceptualizations, but the dynamic nature of regimes is highlighted by including historical, social and cultural relations. Totalitarian regimes establish absolute domination over society with ideological uniformity, intense political mobilization and centralized controls, while authoritarian regimes present a different oppressive structure with a more limited pragmatic management approach. Democratic regimes, on the other hand, are evaluated in terms of elements such as the rule of law, freedom of elections and the guarantee of fundamental rights. Hybrid regime practices such as competitive authoritarianism, abusive constitutionalism and the rise of populist leadership are examined and shed light on today's crisis of democracy. Ultimately, it has been determined that regimes are not static structures and that the interaction of historical context and social actors can transform.